Adding
Information
- And
- Not only . . . but also
- Also
- Moreover (more formal)
- Furthermore (more formal)
- In addition (more formal)
Examples
- We have seen the movie twice, and now we want to see it again.
- Not only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his rib.
- My friend speaks Korean and English. She also speaks Chinese.
- Cheating is dishonest. Moreover, it hinders students from learning.
- Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepared.
- You must complete this essay by 5 p.m. In addition, you must do the exercises on page 47.
Giving
Examples
- For example
- For instance
- Specifically
- In particular
- The first (second, another, etc.) example/reason is . . . Examples
- I have been to many countries. For example, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.
- He often eats strange foods. For instance, he once ate cow brains.
- I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
- I love fruit. In particular, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries.
- My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reason is that she dislikes being cold. Another reason is that she often falls.
Showing
a Contrast
- But
- However
- On the other hand
- Otherwise
- Instead
- In contrast (more formal)
Examples
- Bill earned an A on his essay, but Susan got a B.
- We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late.
- She hates housecleaning. On the other hand, she doesn't mind cooking.
- Students should attend class. Otherwise, they may lose their status.
- I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and watch a video.
- Women usually enjoy shopping. In contrast, men often dislike it.
Showing
a Concession
- Yet
- Nevertheless (more formal)
- Even so
- However
- Although
- Even though
- Despite the fact that . . .
- Despite
Examples
- He knows that he should do his homework, yet he never does it.
- I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them.
- I know you don't like to study. Even so, you must pass your exam.
- There are many benefits to exercising. However, you must take some precautions to avoid injury.
- Although the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
- Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
- Despite the fact that Kate is good at tennis, she lost the match.
- Despite Kate's skill at tennis, she lost the match.
Showing
a Similarity
- Likewise (more formal)
- Similarly (more formal)
- In the same way
Examples
- Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise, it is hard in college.
- Houseplants require much care and attention. Similarly, outdoor plants must be cared for properly.
- Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice.
Showing
a Result
- So
- As a result
- Therefore
- Thus (more formal)
- As a consequence
- Consequently (more formal)
Examples
- Janet passed her exam, so she is very happy.
- Tim was late. As a result, we could not go to the concert.
- James is not feeling well. Therefore, he will not be here today.
- The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must consider another idea.
- I forgot that the cake was in the oven. As a consequence, it burned.
- Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home.
Establishing
Time Relation or Sequence
- First
- Second
- Finally
- In conclusion
- In summary
- Meanwhile
Examples
- First, I think that she is studying hard.
- Second, I believe that she is a bright student.
- Finally, I know that she has great potential.
- In conclusion, I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship.
- In summary, we should offer her some financial help.
- Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.
Showing a Condition
- or
- whether . . . or
- if . . . (then)
Examples
- I must study hard, or I will fail my exam.
- Whether you are coming or not, I am still going to Amy's party.
- If you want to get good grades, then you must do your homework.
Explaining or Emphasizing
- in fact
- actually
- in other words
- namely (more formal)
Examples
- The bookstore sells cards. In fact, they have the best cards around.
- James is actually the first person I have known who has been to Africa.
- He was late to class again. In other words, he didn't wake up on time.
- The plan needed only two things to succeed—namely, time and money.
Giving an Alternative
- or
- either . . . or
- neither . . . nor (more formal)
Examples
- We can go to the beach, or we can go to the mountains.
- You can either ride the bus or walk to my apartment.
- I like neither that person nor his brother.
Punctuation Rules
1. Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, or, yet,
so):
- Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal writing.)
Example: The movie has already started, but
my friend has not arrived yet.
2. Correlative Conjunctions (These have two
parts: either . . . or):
- Put a comma before the second part if it connects 2 clauses (complete sentences).
Example: Eric is not only an outstanding
teacher, but he is also a gourmet cook.
- You don't need a comma if it only connects words or phrases.
Example: Eric is not only an outstanding
teacher but also a gourmet cook.
3. Transitional Words and Phrases:
- Put a comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence.
Example: I like to travel. Specifically, I
enjoy places with old cathedrals.
- Use a semicolon to connect the two sentences.
Example: I like to travel; specifically, I
enjoy places with old cathedrals.
- Use a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause.
Example: I like to travel, and,
specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
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