Must or have to

(http://tx.english-ch.com/teacher/jocelyn/must%20have%20got%20have%20to.jpg)

We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason. 

• There's no heating on. You must be freezing.
• You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
• I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.
• It must be nice to live in Florida.

We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.) 

• I must go to bed earlier.
• They must do something about it.
• You must come and see us some time.
• I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

• I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
• We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
• You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
• I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

 *In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

1. I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.
2. We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.

We can also use 'will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this usually means that that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. (Remember that 'will' is often used to show 'willingness'.)

• I'll have to speak to him.
• We'll have to have lunch and catch up on all the gossip.
• They'll have to do something about it.
• I'll have to get back to you on that.
• As you can see, the differences between the present forms are sometimes very small and very subtle.

However, there is a huge difference in the negative forms.

We use 'mustn't' to express strong obligations NOT to do something.

• We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential.
• I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me.
• You mustn't phone me at work. We aren't allowed personal calls.
• They mustn't see us talking or they'll suspect something.

We use 'don't have to' (or 'haven't got to' in British English) to state that there is NO obligation or necessity.

• We don't have to get there on time. The boss is away today.
• I don't have to listen to this. I'm leaving.
• You don't have to come if you don't want to.
• He doesn't have to sign anything if he doesn't want to at this stage.
• I haven't got to go. Only if I want to — 

Common Words in English

Di sini saya akan menjelaskan beberapa istilah yang populer di dalam suatu percakapan (conversation) bahasa inggris baik dalam bentuk British maupun American English. Check it out..

• Throw up/vomit = muntah
• Look after/take care = menjaga/merawat
• Is that so? = yang bener?/masa sih?
• Let alone = apalagi

           E.g. I'm not able to walk, let alone run = aku gak kuat jalan apalagi lari.

• There is no telling = gak ada yang tahu
• After us= setelah kita/ngikutin kita/membuntutin kita.

           E.g. There is no telling what creature after us = gak ada yang tau makhluk apa yang mengikuti kita.

• Where have you been? = kemana aja sih bray?
• Long time no see? = lama gak ketemu ya bray?
• What have you been? = ngapai bae sih bray?
• Badass = orang jahat/orang cabul (bukan kata yang sopan)

          E.g.Watch out we have badass overe here = minggir minggir ada preman mau lewat neh.

• Too right you are = bener banget ira kuh (british)
• Told you! = tuh kan!/jare kita gah apa..!
• It made my day = membuat hariku berwarna/menghidupkan hariku

          E.g. You always made me happy. it made my day. = kau selalu bisa membuatku senang. Itu membuat hariku berwarna.

• What's up = ada apa
• Gonna = going to
• Wanna = want to
• It's bloody = it's really = itu sangat (british slang)
• It's ace/wake it! = it's cool! = keren! (british slang)
• Feel sorry = merasa kasihan

           E.g.Why would you feel sorry for him? = ngapain kamu merasa kasihan sama dia?

• Wallear (wah lee ah) "woo-lee" = memiliki sesuatu yang tidak bisa dikontrol (US slang)
• Chips = kalau rusak, ya bayar

          E.g. -"Hey mike, can I borrow your P.C.?" = "hey mike, boleh saya pinjem laptopnya."

                -"Sure, but chips!" = "tentu, tapi kalau rusak, ya bayar."

• Duh-ta-duh = an idiot = orang yang bodoh
• Skel = a junkie = street person = low life = anak jalanan/gelandangan
• Pain in the ass/scooth/scutch = luar biasa menjengkelkan = rasa kesal dan jengkel stadium akhir
• A gita = heart burn  = bikin stress

           E.g. You are giving me a gita = kamu bikin saya stress saja.

• Goombare = like family/a joker = seperti keluarga

           E.g. We are goombare = kita sudah seperti keluarga.

Some Common English Transition Words and Phrases

Adding Information

1. And
2. Not only . . . but also
3. Also
4. Moreover (more formal)
5. Furthermore (more formal)
6. In addition (more formal)

Examples

1. We have seen the movie twice, and now we want to see it again.
2. Not only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his rib.
3. My friend speaks Korean and English. She also speaks Chinese.
4. Cheating is dishonest. Moreover, it hinders students from learning.
5. Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepared.
6. You must complete this essay by 5 p.m. In addition, you must do the exercises on page 47.

Giving Examples

1. For example
2. For instance
3. Specifically
4. In particular

1. The first (second, another, etc.) example/reason is . . . Examples
2. I have been to many countries. For example, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.
3. He often eats strange foods. For instance, he once ate cow brains.
4. I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
5. I love fruit. In particular, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries.
6. My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reason is that she dislikes being cold. Another reason is that she often falls.

Showing a Contrast

1. But
2. However
3. On the other hand
4. Otherwise
5. Instead
6. In contrast (more formal)

Examples

1. Bill earned an A on his essay, but Susan got a B.
2. We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late.
3. She hates housecleaning. On the other hand, she doesn't mind cooking.
4. Students should attend class. Otherwise, they may lose their status.
5. I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and watch a video.
6. Women usually enjoy shopping. In contrast, men often dislike it.

Showing a Concession

1. Yet
2. Nevertheless (more formal)
3. Even so
4. However
5. Although
6. Even though
7. Despite the fact that . . .
8. Despite

Examples

1. He knows that he should do his homework, yet he never does it.
2. I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them.
3. I know you don't like to study. Even so, you must pass your exam.
4. There are many benefits to exercising. However, you must take some precautions to avoid injury.
5. Although the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
6. Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
7. Despite the fact that Kate is good at tennis, she lost the match.
8. Despite Kate's skill at tennis, she lost the match.

Showing a Similarity

1. Likewise (more formal)
2. Similarly (more formal)
3. In the same way

Examples

1. Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise, it is hard in college.
2. Houseplants require much care and attention. Similarly, outdoor plants must be cared for properly.
3. Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice.

Showing a Result

1. So
2. As a result
3. Therefore
4. Thus (more formal)
5. As a consequence
6. Consequently (more formal)

Examples

1. Janet passed her exam, so she is very happy.
2. Tim was late. As a result, we could not go to the concert.
3. James is not feeling well. Therefore, he will not be here today.
4. The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must consider another idea.
5. I forgot that the cake was in the oven. As a consequence, it burned.
6. Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home.

Establishing Time Relation or Sequence

1. First
2. Second
3. Finally
4. In conclusion
5. In summary
6. Meanwhile

Examples

1. First, I think that she is studying hard.
2. Second, I believe that she is a bright student.
3. Finally, I know that she has great potential.
4. In conclusion, I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship.
5. In summary, we should offer her some financial help.
6. Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.

Showing a Condition

1. or
2. whether . . . or
3. if . . . (then)

 Examples

1. I must study hard, or I will fail my exam.
2. Whether you are coming or not, I am still going to Amy's party.
3. If you want to get good grades, then you must do your homework.

Explaining or Emphasizing

1. in fact
2. actually
3. in other words
4. namely (more formal)

Examples

1. The bookstore sells cards. In fact, they have the best cards around.
2. James is actually the first person I have known who has been to Africa.
3. He was late to class again. In other words, he didn't wake up on time.
4. The plan needed only two things to succeed—namely, time and money.

Giving an Alternative

1. or
2. either . . . or
3. neither . . . nor (more formal)

Examples

1. We can go to the beach, or we can go to the mountains.
2. You can either ride the bus or walk to my apartment.
3. I like neither that person nor his brother.

Punctuation Rules

1. Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, or, yet, so):

• Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal writing.)

          Example: The movie has already started, but my friend has not arrived yet.

2. Correlative Conjunctions (These have two parts: either . . . or):

• Put a comma before the second part if it connects 2 clauses (complete sentences).

          Example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher, but he is also a gourmet cook.

• You don't need a comma if it only connects words or phrases.

          Example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher but also a gourmet cook.

3. Transitional Words and Phrases:

• Put a comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence.

          Example: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

• Use a semicolon to connect the two sentences.

          Example: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

• Use a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause.

          Example: I like to travel, and, specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

Sources : http://www.elc.byu.edu/classes/buck/w_garden/classes/buck/transitions.html

Slang Words

Hari ini saya akan tambahkan beberapa ungkapan slang…

She’s so beautiful that I would walk over a mile of broken glass : Dia begitu cantiknya sampai mau rasanya aku berjalan di atas pecahan kaca/Dia sangat cantik sehingga aku mau deh berbuat apa saja untuknya.

Untuk maksud yang sama, kita bisa gunakan expresi ini:

• She’s not half bad. : Dia tidak begitu buruk
• I’d give my right arm for her. : Saya mau lakuin apa aja buat dia 
• I’d do anything for her
• She is cute.
• She’s gorgeous.
• She is prime meat. : Dia daging segar/dia sesuatu yang sangat berharga, maksudnya saking berharganya sampai mau lakuin apa saja untuknya.
• I’ll keep my fingers crossed : saya doakan semoga berhasil
• He’s crazy about her : dia tergila-gila padanya.
• You look like shit / in grey : Kamu kusut banget / kamu muram aja.
• I catch someone red-handed : Saya menangkap basah seseorang
• Rob someone blind : Merampok seseorang habis-habisan / membabi buta / menguras seluruh harta korban / tak pandang bulu.
• Have punch-up with some one : berkelahi dengan seseorang.
• I am screwed : Saya benar-benar kacau.
• Life is a bitch / Life sucks and then you die :Hidup memang tidak mudah

Gerund

Kali ini kita akan membahas tentang GERUND. Apa sih GERUND itu?

GERUNDS atau VERBALS atau VERBAL NOUNS adalah kata kerja yang berbentuk -ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, hunting atau smoking.
Bentuk Gerund itu sama seperti Present Participle, dan keduanya merupakan bagian dari kata kerja. Bedanya, Gerund  berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan Present Participle berfungsi sebagai kata sifat.

Apa sih fungsi  Gerund?  Gerund merupakan sejenis kata benda, maka ia dapat berfungsi sebagai:

1. Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Sleeping is necassary to life.- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing game is fun.
- Smoking is not good for our health .

2. Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My chief delight is dancing.- My favorite activity is reading.
- My hobby is cooking.

3. Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy studying English.- She likes traveling.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate swimming.

4. Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- Tuty is clever at teaching English.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Untuk lebih jelasnya, coba kerjakan latihan di bawah ini:

Supply gerund form of the verb shown in parentheses.

1.      Did you enjoy ……….(travel) to Bandung last holiday?

2.      You should stop ……….(smoke).

3.      I am tired of ………..(wait) for him.

4.      We will appreciate ……….(accept) your true answer.

5.      Do you mind ………..(call) me after ………(go) home?

Complete the following sentences using gerund in your own words.

For example: They are interested in …………..

They are interested in learning English

1.      Thank you for ……….

2.      Do you mind ………..

3.      we congratulated him on ………

4.      They are thinking of …………

5.      ………. is necessary in my life.

Nah, coba kerjakan latihan di atas, kemudian coba buat kalimat sendiri sebanyak-banyaknya. Semoga membantu ya?